LOCATION AWARE CLUSTER BASED ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Wireless sensor nodes are usually embedded in the physical environment and report sensed data to a central base station. Clustering is one of the most challenging issues in wireless sensor networks. This paper proposes a new cluster scheme for wireless sensor network by modified the K means clustering algorithm. Sensor nodes are deployed in a harsh environment and randomly scattered in the region of interest and are deployed in a flat architecture. The transmission of packet will reduce the network lifetime. Thus, clustering scheme is required to avoid network traffic and increase overall network lifetime. In order to cluster the sensor nodes that are deployed in the sensor network, the location information of each sensor node should be known. By knowing the location of the each sensor node in the wireless sensor network, clustering is formed based on the highest residual energy and minimum distance from the base station. Among the group of nodes, one node is elected as a cluster head using centroid method. The minimum distance between the cluster node’s and the centroid point is elected as a cluster head. Clustering of nodes can minimize the residual energy and maximize the network performance. This improves the overall network lifetime and reduces network traffic

Histopathological Profile of Lung Tumors On Ct/Usg Guided Core Needle Biopsy Specimens

The last 100 years have seen the incidence of lung cancer transformed from it being an almost unknown disease to it far outstripping all other forms of cancer as a cause of death in many countries. In men it is responsible for about 40% of cancer deaths and in women it now rivals breast cancer as the major cause of cancer mortality. Many developing countries have a relatively low incidence of lung cancer but are beginning to see the rises already experienced elsewhere as the inhabitants take to smoking in increasing numbers. Lung carcinoma is largely a disease of the elderly and this tumor is very rare in children but occasional cases are encountered. It carries a very poor prognosis as spread of the tumor often results in it being inoperable at presentation while many patients with lung carcinoma have coexistent chronic obstructive lung disease that renders them unfit for surgery. Overall 5 year survival rates vary from 6-20%. Lung carcinomas fulfill many of the following criteria for successful screening programme : the condition is common ,the population at risk is well known and premalignant changes can be detected cheaply(eg,sputum cytology).Unfortunately the premalignant changes cannot be easily eradicated as there is no bronchopulmonary equivalent of a uterine cone biopsy. Nor does screening for early invasive growths by a combination of sputum cytology and radiography appear to reduce mortality. Transthoracic biopsy is a safe and effective procedure in the evaluation of benign lesions, undetermined pulmonary lesions and an important tool in those patients with a peripheral mass inaccessible by bronchoscopy. The methods that are commonly used are for obtaining materials for pathological diagnosis are: 1) Core needle biopsy by radiological intervention 2) Transbronchial biopsy 3) Transthoracic needle aspiration Our study is based on histomorphological profile of lung tumors on CT/USG guided core needle biopsie

Albuminuria and Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Sankara Nethralaya Diabetic Retinopathy Epidemiology And Molecular Genetic Study (SN-DREAMS, report 12)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The concordance of microalbuminuria and diabetic retinopathy (DR) has been well reported in persons with type 1 diabetes; however, for type 2 diabetes, there is paucity of data especially from population-based studies. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of albuminuria (micro - and macroalbuminuria) among persons with type 2 diabetes and determine its role as a risk factor for presence and severity of DR.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A population-based cross sectional study was conducted in cohort of 1414 subjects with type 2 diabetes from Chennai metropolis. All the subjects underwent comprehensive eye examination including 45 degrees four-field stereoscopic digital photography. DR was clinically graded using Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study scales. A morning urine sample was tested for albuminuria. Subjects were considered to have microalbuminuria, if the urinary albumin excretion was between 30 and 300 mg/24 hours, and macroalbuminuria at more than 300 mg/24 hours. The statistical software used was SPSS for Windows, Chicago, IL. Student t-test for comparing continuous variables, and <it>χ</it>²test, to compare proportions amongst groups were used.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The prevalence of microalbuminuria in the study subjects was 15.9% (226/1414), and that of macroalbuminuria, 2.7% (38/1414). Individuals with macroalbuminuria in comparison to micro- or normoalbuminuria showed a greater prevalence of DR (60.5% vs. 31.0% vs. 14.1%, p < 0.001), and also a greater severity of the disease (60.9% vs. 21.4 vs. 9.9, p < 0.001).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Every 6^thindividual in the population of type 2 diabetes is likely to have albuminuria. Subjects with microalbuminuria were around 2 times as likely to have DR as those without microalbuminuria, and this risk became almost 6 times in the presence of macroalbuminuria.</p

The Effects of Warfarin and Direct Oral Anticoagulants on Systemic Vascular Calcification: A Review

Warfarin has been utilized for decades as an effective anticoagulant in patients with a history of strong risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Established adverse effects include bleeding, skin necrosis, teratogenicity during pregnancy, cholesterol embolization, and nephropathy. One of the lesser-known long-term side effects of warfarin is an increase in systemic arterial calcification. This is significant due to the association between vascular calcification and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have gained prominence in recent years, as they require less frequent monitoring and have a superior side effect profile to warfarin, specifically in relation to major bleeding. The cost and lack of data for DOACs in some disease processes have precluded universal use. Within the last four years, retrospective cohort studies, observational studies, and randomized trials have shown, through different imaging modalities, that multiple DOACs are associated with slower progression of vascular calcification than warfarin. This review highlights the pathophysiology and mechanisms behind vascular calcification due to warfarin and compares the effect of warfarin and DOACs on systemic vasculature

Mitigation of Distributed Denial of Service Attacks on the Internet of Things

The tremendous growth of the pervasive network and its utilization, in the Internet of Things (IoT), is purposefully explored around the world. The Internet of things has an enormous attraction for contender, and is effortlessly attacked due to destitute resource and imperfect distribution of things. The distributed denial of service attacks are fetching an increasingly, continual hassle into the network. Security possess significant insistence in the Internet of Things (IoT). In this paper, an algorithm for malicious user identification named as Flooding Distributed Denial of Service Attack Detection and Prevention Mechanism (FADM) is coined to protect the network, from ruining. The entropy-based approach for detection and bloom filter for prevention is used. A user is classified as malicious when its entropy value is low compared to threshold. The simulation outcome makes evident that the algorithm identifies the malicious user accompanied by elevated detection ratio, reduced false alarm ratio, and exceptional scalability

Secure-MQTT: an efficient fuzzy logic-based approach to detect DoS attack in MQTT protocol for internet of things

Abstract The advancements in the domain of Internet of Things (IoT) accelerated the development of new communication technologies. Machine to machine communication in IoT is accomplished with application protocols such as the Constrained Application Protocol and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT). The openness of these protocols leads to various types of attacks including DoS Attack. MQTT is widely used in secure IoT applications like health monitoring. One of the prominent attacks in IoT is the denial of service (DoS) attack. This enforces the need for an efficient intrusion detection system method in MQTT-based application. In this paper, we address the vulnerabilities in MQTT, through which intruders can control the low-configuration devices in the network. This paper proposes a lightweight fuzzy logic-based intrusion detection scheme called Secure-MQTT, for detecting malicious activity during the communication between IoT devices. The proposed method uses a fuzzy logic-based system to detect the malicious behavior of the node with the help of a fuzzy rule interpolation mechanism. Secure-MQTT avoids the use of a dense rule base by exploiting the fuzzy rule interpolation that generates rules dynamically. The proposed method provides an effective mechanism to protect the low configuration devices from the DoS attack. The simulation results show that the proposed method detects the attacks more accurately when compared to the existing methods

Rapid clonal multiplication through <i style="">in vitro </i>axillary shoot proliferation of <i style="">Centella asiatica </i>L.

232-235 Single nodal explants isolated from field grown plants of Centella asiatica, an important medicinal plant, when cultured for 4 wks on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium containing different concentrations and combinations of BAP and Kn produced multiple shoots. A maximum of 15.24 shoots/node were produced after 30 d of culture in the presence of 2.0 mg/L BAP. Individual shoots (2-5 cm), when transferred onto full strength MS medium containing 1.5 mg/L IBA induced maximum number of roots (12.6). The rooted plants were successfully established in greenhouse condition after hardening. </smarttagtype